The sources of competitive advantage have changed through social and technological development at various international levels. The sources have progressed from control of natural resources through economic and financial expertise, to improved marketing ability, to control of technology, and to improved use human resources.Historically, productivity improvement has focused on technology and capital equipment to reduce input of labor cost. Improved output was generally thought to be subject to obtaining more production by applying industrial engineering techniques such as methods analysis, work flow, etc. Both of these approaches are still appropriate, but the current
